A Igreja Católica, ao propagar a fé cristã e a conversão das populações indígenas e ribeirinhas da região amazônica, produziu suas ideologias na forma de escritos, as quais também estão presentes nas narrativas orais. Neste artigo, cujo aporte teórico está vinculado aos estudos Pós-coloniais e ao pensamento Decolonial, a partir da articulação das diferenças entre o real e o imaginário, salvação e pecado, deseja-se responder a seguinte questão: a que formação ideológica e formas de educar estaria ligado o “Mito da (...) Capela de Ouro”, na região do médio amazonas paraense? Para tanto, nesta pesquisa baseada em fontes bibliográficas e documentais, foram investigados diários de viagens de missionários à região Amazônica, especialmente à região do rio Trombetas, impressos e manuscritos publicados por igrejas e pelo Conselho Nacional de Proteção ao índio, no século XX. Os dados apontam que o “Mito da Capela de Ouro” decorre de uma tentativa de colonização do imaginário das populações nativas da região, tendo em vista que o mundo sobrenatural cristão era inteiramente oposto ao mundo sobrenatural indígena e ribeirinho, relacionado naquele contexto à demonização. (shrink)

This article took as its main objective to analyze the use of the internet by young students of 6th junior high education unit Cardenal Maurer, identify the types of social networks and influence in their lives, so knowing the consequences that affect in the teaching-learning process during training. To this end document review data and quantitative and qualitative techniques were used.

The use of technologies like artificial intelligence can drive productivity growth, efficiency and innovation. The goal of this study is to develop an anomaly detection method for locating flaws on the surface of sandwich panels using YOLOv5. The proposed algorithm extracts information locally from an image through a prediction system that creates bounding boxes and determines whether the sandwich panel surface contains flaws. It attempts to reject or accept a product based on quality levels specified in the standard. To evaluate (...) the proposed method, a comparison was made with a sandwich panel damage detection method based on a convolutional neural network and methods based on thresholding. The findings show that the proposed method, which is based on an object detector, is more accurate than the alternatives. The characteristics of the model, which can reject or accept a product according to the standard and limit allowable manufacturing flaws to obtain a quality product, also enable this system to improve industrial standards for producing sandwich panels while increasing speed. (shrink)

Why does social injustice exist? What role, if any, do implicit biases play in the perpetuation of social inequalities? Individualistic approaches to these questions explain social injustice as the result of individuals’ preferences, beliefs, and choices. For example, they explain racial injustice as the result of individuals acting on racial stereotypes and prejudices. In contrast, structural approaches explain social injustice in terms of beyond-the-individual features, including laws, institutions, city layouts, and social norms. Often these two approaches are seen as competitors. (...) Framing them as competitors suggests that only one approach can win and that the loser offers worse explanations of injustice. In this essay, we explore each approach and compare them. Using implicit bias as an example, we argue that the relationship between individualistic and structural approaches is more complicated than it may first seem. Moreover, we contend that each approach has its place in analyses of injustice and raise the possibility that they can work together—synergistically—to produce deeper explanations of social injustice. If so, the approaches may be complementary, rather than competing. (shrink)

In this note, my aim is to point out a phenomenon that has not received much attention; a phenomenon that, in my opinion, should not be overlooked in the professional practice of philosophy, especially within feminist efforts for social justice. I am referring to the way in which being a non-native speaker of English interacts with the practice of philosophy.1 There is evidence that non-native speakers are often perceived in prejudiced ways. Such prejudiced perception causes harm and, more importantly, constitutes (...) wrongdoing. As in other cases of prejudiced perception and biased behavior, it would be pretentious and misguided to expect philosophers and the philosophy profession to be free from this vice. There are good reasons to think that this prejudiced perception is bad not only for the persons who are perceived in such a way, but also for the profession, for it might make us miss important things that could improve philosophy in general. I claim we should be more sensitive to this phenomenon, both out of concern for justice, and for the sake of doing better philosophy. (shrink)

La investigación sobre la filmografía del director del Hollywood clásico Mitchell Leisen se beneficia, si se adoptan algunas de las claves que desarrolla el filósofo de Harvard Stanley Cavell. En la filmografía de Leisen aparece como un vector muy destacado la búsqueda del verdadero amor. Una de sus obras maestras, Midnight, permite reflexionar adecuadamente sobre este vector. Solo la perseverancia en la búsqueda del verdadero amor permite superar la tentación de la mentira sobre la propia vida y la renuncia a (...) la propia identidad. El cine de Leisen educa en las múltiples paradojas que ha de superar esta búsqueda, el mismo estilo de educación que Stanley Cavell reconoce en las parejas de las comedias de rematrimonio que se consolidan con la mutua educación. (shrink)

La investigación sobre la filmografía del director del Hollywood clásico Mitchell Leisen se beneficia si se adoptan algunas de las claves que desarrolla el filósofo de Harvard Stanley Cavell. Entre las aportaciones de este filósofo destacan su comprensión de las películas como textos filosóficos, la necesidad de una metodología de estudio que se adapte a la realidad, el registro cuidadoso de los detalles de las películas que no se captan con un único visionado. En la filmografía de Leisen aparece como (...) un vector muy destacado la búsqueda del verdadero amor. La metodología que sugiere la obra de Stanley Cavell permite hacer justicia a los contenidos filosóficos de la filmografía de Mitchell Leisen. (shrink)

El cine clásico de Hollywood de los años treinta y cuarenta fue testigo de la crisis del 29 y sus repercusiones. Un estudio filosófico de este permite descubrir en la filmografía del director Frank Capra luminosos criterios de interpretación. Desde sus primeros títulos, sus películas ponen de manifiesto la relación entre la modernidad, la técnica y la centralidad de la persona. Filmar American Madness (1932) supuso para Capra entrar de lleno en el tema de la reflexión ética sobre la economía, (...) para hacer de ella una lectura moral, y así interpelar la responsabilidad de las personas al considerar la crisis económica como una auténtica bancarrota moral. La capacidad y la libertad de la filosofía para ser crítica debe afrontar la necesidad de superar las lecturas economicistas del cine, para descubrir en él no el predicado de un sistema productivo, sino un verdadero ejercicio creativo. Y así se descubre en American Madness una muestra del valor de la empatía frente a la crueldad, de la importancia de la comunidad varón/mujer para educarse en dicha empatía, de la continuidad entre el amor esponsalicio y las distintas formas de amor y de amistad. De este modo se comprueba que Capra relata en esta película la vida económica centrada en las personas y su responsabilidad moral contra la violencia en las relaciones de producción. (shrink)

Henry Koster comenzó su carrera como cineasta en su Alemania natal. Como judío tuvo que huir del nazismo, exiliarse y recorrer el eje Berlín-París-Hollywood, trayecto frecuentado por otros directores, actrices y actores germanos. Como director de cine no venía precedido por una gran fama, por lo que tuvo que abrirse camino en Hollywood con mucho esfuerzo. El éxito de su primera película con la joven soprano Deanna Durbin consolidó su posición y le permitió definir un estilo que le acompañaría a (...) lo largo de toda su producción americana: su preferencia por un “cine blanco” –en contraste con sus compatriotas, que optaron por el “cine negro”–, es decir, un cine en el que los protagonistas encuentran diversos aliados que les ayudan a perseverar en el bien. Sus primeras etapas en Hollywood permiten analizar filosóficamente su cine, concediéndole un cierto estatuto de autor, descubriendo rasgos propios, como la introducción de la música clásica como signo de elevación moral o la explicitación de la dimensión religiosa y sobrenatural en la búsqueda del bien de algunos de sus personajes. Escarmentado del materialismo antihumano del nazismo, propuso un estilo en el que los resortes hacia el bien humano adquiriesen plasticidad expresiva. (shrink)

Part Time Wife es considerado el primer largometraje de Mc- Carey en el que aparecen sus rasgos más propios. Por su temática y por su relación con The Awful Truth (1937) puede considerarse una comedia de rematrimonio de Hollywood. En ella pueden distinguirse dos núcleos temáticos: el conflicto matrimonial o la amenaza del divorcio y el rematrimonio como retorno al Paraíso.

El propósito de Tecnología y futuro humano del profesor José Sanmartín es justificar la necesidad de la evaluación ética de la ciencia, como una verdadera urgencia de nuestro tiempo, que no ha variado desde 1990. Para ello, se desarrolla una escritura que complementa el argumento especializado con la interconexión argumentativa, de manera que cada juicio que se realiza sobre la actividad científica pueda ser contrastado tanto desde la elaboración filosófica, como desde la propia expresión de la tecnología. Este modo de (...) considerar la filosofía de la ciencia denuncia la frecuente existencia en el lenguaje de los que tratan de ciencia y tecnología de tópicos ampliamente extendidos, pero que no son racionales, y que dificultan comprender la necesidad de evaluar la ciencia. Si la ciencia moderna no es solo explicación del mundo, si lo que ha pretendido desde el primer momento ha sido dominar la naturaleza, hay que subrayar este propósito para luego poder evaluar las consecuencias de este, en clave de favorecimiento o precarización del verdadero desarrollo humano. Los impactos negativos que actualmente conocemos pero que Sanmartín ya detectó en los 90 del siglo pasado muestran que es igualmente imperiosa la necesidad de una propuesta sólida de evaluación de la ciencia. Se pueden dar muestras fehacientes de cómo llevarla a cabo, sin que ello suponga la expresión de una mentalidad contraria a la ciencia, pues es una apuesta decidida por una ciencia mejor al óptimo servicio del bien común humano. (shrink)

La obra del profesor Sanmartín Los nuevos redentores mantiene plenamente su actualidad y vigencia. El estilo con el que está escrita favorece plenamente el debate social sobre la ciencia y su servicio al verdadero desarrollo humano. El autor dialoga continuamente con el lector y le interpela con las preguntas que él mismo se hace. Así cultiva el género de la conversación sobre la ciencia, que aparece como el más conveniente para evaluar éticamente la ciencia, sin ceder a ningún tipo de (...) simplismo ni de prejuicio ante ella. El contenido más urgente que revisar es el imaginario antropológico con el que se pretendía desarrollar la ciencia a finales del siglo pasado y en la actualidad. Una antropología tremebunda, unida a una sociobiología al dictado del imperialismo de los genes sobre la conducta, ha venido siendo presentada como la prueba irrefutable de que el ser humano necesita ser redimido por la tecnología científica. Por la ingeniería genética, el hombre debía acabar imponiéndose al modelo de la máquina como garantía del verdadero progreso. Un eslogan compartido por el transhumanismo de nuestros días. Pero el ser humano, advierte Sanmartín, ni es heredero de una antropología cruel, ni vive aislado en una burbuja sin influjo del ambiente histórico y del contexto social, ni es pura materia pasiva que pueda ser manipulada con la excusa de mejoras. Solo una educación adecuada, que tome de la ciencia lo que tiene que tomar, pero que parta de los fundamentos antropológicos más sólidos y contrastados, podrá apuntar a un futuro a la altura de la dignidad humana, de la familia humana y de cada persona. (shrink)

abstract The possibility that organ sales by living adults might be made legal is morally distressing to many of us. However, powerful arguments have been provided recently supporting legalisation (I consider two of those arguments: the Consequentialist Argument and the Autonomy Argument). Is our instinctive reaction against a market of organs irrational then? The aim of this paper is not to prove that legalization would be immoral, all things considered, but rather to show, first, that there are some kinds of (...) arguments, offered in favour of legalisation, that are, in an important sense, illegitimate, and second, that even if legalisation might not be wrong all things considered, there are good reasons for our negative moral intuitions. Moreover, identifying these reasons will help highlight some features of moral decisions in non‐ideal situations, which in turn might be relevant to some other moral or policy choices. (shrink)

Tesis doctoral presentada en el departament de Lògica Història i Filosofia de la Ciencia de la Universitat de Barcelona per optar al títol de Doctor en Filosofia.

The Air Quality Index (AQI) shows the state of air pollution in a unique and more understandable way. This work aims to forecast the AQI in Algeciras (Spain) 8 hours in advance. The AQI is calculated indirectly through the predicted concentrations of five pollutants (O3, NO2, CO, SO2 and PM10) to achieve this goal. Artificial neural networks (ANNs), sequence-to-sequence long short-term memory networks (LSTMs) and a newly proposed method combing a rolling window with the latter (LSTMNA) are employed as the (...) forecasting techniques. Besides, two input approaches are evaluated: using only the data from the own time series of the pollutant in the first case or adding exogenous variables in the second one. Several window sizes are employed (24, 28 and 72 hours) with ANNs and LSTMNAs. Additionally, several feature ranking methods are applied in the exogenous approach to select the most relevant lagged variables to feed the models. Results show how the proposed exogenous approach increases the performance of the prediction models. Besides, the newly proposed method LSTMNA provides the best performances in most of the cases evaluated. Hence, it constitutes an exciting alternative to standard LSTMs and ANNs to predict pollutants concentrations and, consequently, the AQI. (shrink)

The objective of this research study was to determine if psychological distress, anxiety, and academic self-efficacy predict satisfaction with studies in Peruvian university students during the COVID-19 pandemic. A cross-sectional and predictive design was used, in which 582 Peruvian university students participated, 243 men and 339 women, between the ages of 16 and 41. Student’s t-statistics were used to analyze the differences in scores of psychological distress, anxiety, academic self-efficacy, and satisfaction with studies based on the sex of the participants, (...) Pearson’s R was used for the analysis of correlations between variables, and multiple linear regressions were used to evaluate the predictive model. In the analyses, the significance level was set at 0.05. The results show that men have higher levels of psychological distress, anxiety, and academic self-efficacy than women do ; high levels of psychological distress correlate with high levels of anxiety and low levels of satisfaction with studies and academic self-efficacy ; high levels of anxiety correlate with low levels of satisfaction with studies and academic self-efficacy ; and high levels of academic self-efficacy correlate with high levels of satisfaction with studies. Academic self-efficacy was also found to predict satisfaction with studies. This concludes that, although there are significant correlations between psychological distress, anxiety, academic self-efficacy, and satisfaction with studies, academic self-efficacy is the variable that most predicts satisfaction with studies in Peruvian university students. (shrink)

An analysis of the level of emotional and dependency according to sociodemographic characteristic factors in university students in a period of confinement due to COVID-19. 689 female students of the city of Arequipa were included; we used a measurement instrument with 23 items that allowed us to understand the influence of the current situation on the psychological state of the university. The results indicate that there is a low level of emotional dependence, in relation to the variable of the emotional (...) situation being one of the main reasons why single students are less likely to have this dependence as they do not have any type of romantic relationship, since they focus more on their personal goals through their university studies, which shows that they are more independent when taking on challenges and objectives consistent with their academic training, compared to those who maintain a relationship. (shrink)

In this paper, I discuss exploitative transactions in bioethics. Examples of this kind of transactions allegedly include, among others, commercial surrogacy, organ selling, and research with human subjects in developing countries. The most problematic kind of exploitation is what Allan Wertheimer calls “mutually advantageous exploitation:” the weak party’s consent for the transaction is an effective and rational consent. Moreover, W does not suffer any harm by the transaction; on the contrary, the transaction benefits W. My aim in this paper is (...) twofold. From the perspective of individual ethics, I offer a model to understand the nature of the wrongfulness of the strong party’s action. And from the perspective of legal ethics, I suggest some reasons to believe that the prohibition of beneficial exploitative contracts is problematic and can only be justified in very exceptional cases. (shrink)

Bioethics embraces a number of ethical problems connected to medicine, biomedical research, and health law. Most of these have both a universal dimension and a more particular one. Reproductive rights, exploitation, commodification, biomedical research, and the protection of the environment, among others, are issues that can be discussed from a universal perspective.

In this article I address Schiller’s first response in his Kallias Briefe or Concerning the Beautiful, Letters to Gottfried Körner to Kant’s analysis of the beautiful in the first part of the Critique of Judgment. My main intention in the paper is to investigate Schiller’s emphasis on the notion of resistance (Widerstand) in his reading of Kant’s concept of beauty, and to ask how does this relate to Schiller’s own approach to aesthetics as an ethico-political realm. I am particularly interested (...) in the turn, in Schiller’s case, from Kant’s critique of aesthetics to the idea of aesthetics as critique. (shrink)

In contrast to individualistic explanations of social injustice that appeal to implicit attitudes, structural explanations are unintuitive: they appeal to entities that lack clear ontological status, and the explanatory mechanism is similarly unclear. This makes structural explanations unappealing. The present work proposes a structural explanation of one type of injustice that happens in conversations, discursive injustice. This proposal meets two goals. First, it satisfactorily accounts for the specific features of this particular kind of injustice; and second, it articulates a structural (...) explanation that overcomes their unattractiveness. The main idea is that discursive injustice is not the result of biased interlocutors, but of problematic discursive norms. (shrink)

This paper proposes to reflect self-critically on an ongoing research project entitled “Grammars of listening,” which started as a philosophical approach to the question of listening at the site of trauma and the challenges this kind of listening poses to our conceptions of memory and history, and has recently shifted to asking about the possible limitations to such a reflection when confronted with a decolonial perspective on temporality. I start by presenting a conceptual background for my inquiry, and asking what (...) kind of listening is required when trauma is considered as a colonizing form of violence – that is, when its effects are not only understood as an assault on life but on the conditions of production of sense that make life legible. Following the kind of challenges that such an understanding of trauma poses to the responsibility to listen to its testimony, the paper moves on to propose that only a decolonial approach to listening can truly do justice to the task of rendering testimonies of traumatic violence audible. By decolonizing the frameworks that organize and determine colonial and colonizing distributions of sense, I propose that grammars of lo inaudito understood as decolonial grammars contribute to resisting and disorganizing the criteria for legibility and audibility that colonizing forms of violence not only institute but constantly actualize in their attempt to perpetuate their silencing power.1. (shrink)

In the recent literature on contextualism and relativism, one often finds disputes as to which kind of consideration would be relevant for positing a feature of a context as a parameter in the ‘‘circumstance of evaluation’: via the presence of an operator in the language which shifts that feature (Stanley) or by being a feature of a context with respect to which the truth of ‘‘propositions’’ expressed in the context is relative (McFarlane). This kind of dispute arises from two different (...) independent roles that elements in ‘‘circumstances of evaluation’’ are sometimes assumed to have. I distinguish indices from points of evaluation, and motivate its significance in the debate. (shrink)

El artículo aborda la pregunta por la tarea de la memoria histórica en Colombia desde una perspectiva filosófica, concentrada en los retos epistemológicos y éticos derivados de la elaboración e implementación de iniciativas de memoria en contex- tos de experiencia traumática. Se busca presentar y analizar estos retos desde las consecuencias conceptuales que los contextos traumáticos le plantean a los procesos de elaboración de memoria y a la práctica de escucha de testimonios provenientes de experiencias traumáticas. Se examinan los modos (...) para comprender, desde la filosofía, un aspecto de la tarea de la memoria que puede pasar desapercibido, con el propósito de imaginar e identificar cursos de acción y estrategias de escucha más responsables, inclusivas y plurales. (shrink)

RESUMEN El artículo aborda la pregunta por la tarea de la memoria histórica en Colombia desde una perspectiva filosófica, concentrada en los retos epistemológicos y éticos derivados de la elaboración e implementación de iniciativas de memoria en contex tos de experiencia traumática. Se busca presentar y analizar estos retos desde las consecuencias conceptuales que los contextos traumáticos le plantean a los procesos de elaboración de memoria y a la práctica de escucha de testimonios provenientes de experiencias traumáticas. Se examinan los (...) modos para comprender, desde la fi losofía, un aspecto de la tarea de la memoria que puede pasar desapercibido, con el propósito de imaginar e identificar cursos de acción y estrategias de escucha más responsables, inclusivas y plurales. ABSTRACT The article addresses the task of historical memory in Colombia from a philosophical perspective focused on the epistemological and ethical challenges posed by the design and implementation of memory initiatives in contexts of traumatic experience. It presents and analyzes those challenges on the basis of the conceptual consequences that traumatic contexts have on processes of elaboration of memory and on the prac tice of listening to testimonies arising from traumatic experiences. The study also examines ways to understand philosophically an aspect of memory that might go unnoticed, in order to imagine and identify more responsible, inclusive, and plural courses of action and listening strategies. (shrink)

El desarrollo de las actividades académicas durante la pandemia trajo consigo muchos cambios y nos permitió adaptarnos a los diferentes modos de llevar a cabo tareas del quehacer académico, obtener la valoración de los estudiantes universita- rios sobre la clases virtuales fue el objetivo principal de este estudio, donde median- te las técnicas provistas por la Inteligencia Artificial (IA) se ha logrado identificar una valoración negativa en general, y esto nos ha servido para categorizar también las características más relevantes de (...) esta valoración, como consecuencias a la adaptación de estos cambios en las clases virtuales. (shrink)

What different relativist claims about a given domain are to be distinguished? Which of them is best placed to account for intuitive facts about disagreement in that domain? In a recent paper in this journal, ‘Indexical Relativism versus Genuine Relativism’ (2004), Max Kölbel distinguishes two forms of relativism, andargues that one of them, indexical relativism, faces problems in accounting for disagreement. In the first part of this discussion I present my own taxonomy of relativist positions in a given domain, which (...) is based on David Lewis’s 1980 essay, and I compare it with Kölbel’s and other recent suggestions. In the second part, I argue that the presuppositional defence of indexical relativism against related objections that I have elaborated elsewhere is also effective against Kölbel’s recent charges. (shrink)

La profusa utilización del concepto de buen gobierno en los discursos políticos y mediáticos puede conducirnos a pensar que estamos ante una innovación conceptual del presente. Pero lo cierto es que se trata de un viejo concepto que hunde sus raíces en la teoría política clásica y se resiste a una definición clara y precisa. El artículo pretende reflexionar sobre los principales cambios experimentados por el buen gobierno y su metamorfosis en gobernanza, analizándolo como una narrativa de transformación conceptual, en (...) la que se ha pasado de una lógica normativa a una lógica tecnocrática. (shrink)

We examine the expressive power of probabilistic context free grammars (PCFGs), with a special focus on the use of probabilities as a mechanism for reducing ambiguity by filtering out unwanted parses. Probabilities in PCFGs induce an ordering relation among the set of trees that yield a given input sentence. PCFG parsers return the trees bearing the maximum probability for a given sentence, discarding all other possible trees. This mechanism is naturally viewed as a way of defining a new class of (...) tree languages. We formalize the tree language thus defined, study its expressive power, and show that the latter is beyond context freeness. While the increased expressive power offered by PCFGs helps to reduce ambiguity, we show that, in general, it cannot be decided whether a PCFG removes all ambiguities. (shrink)

We examine the expressive power of probabilistic context free grammars (PCFGs), with a special focus on the use of probabilities as a mechanism for reducing ambiguity by filtering out unwanted parses. Probabilities in PCFGs induce an ordering relation among the set of trees that yield a given input sentence. PCFG parsers return the trees bearing the maximum probability for a given sentence, discarding all other possible trees. This mechanism is naturally viewed as a way of defining a new class of (...) tree languages. We formalize the tree language thus defined, study its expressive power, and show that the latter is beyond context freeness. While the increased expressive power offered by PCFGs helps to reduce ambiguity, we show that, in general, it cannot be decided whether a PCFG removes all ambiguities. (shrink)

The CRISPR-Cas9 system is a genetic editing technology that, in addition to expanding the possibilities for scientific research, promotes reflections associated with human dignity, biological control, therapy, and genetic improvement. Bioethical discussions on the challenges and repercussions of the CRISPR-Cas9 system are reviewed. As a result, bioethical questions tend to problematize the application to non-human organisms, primary research, and the human somatic and germline. In brief, it is necessary to increase the levels of safety and effectiveness so that the benefits (...) outweigh the risks, while reducing bioethical concerns and increasing the credibility of the technique. (shrink)

The growing fiscal pressure created for the Monarchy during the Seventeenth Century crashed with the opposition of the privileged groups. The clergy was not prepared to give up an immunity that was considering secular. For this reason, they only consented to pay after obtained the papal permit; in this way safeguarded their jurisdiction. However, the ecclesiastics will enploy many ways to escape of the public taxes. T11e defraudation was one of them. A document of 1668 shows what type of defraudations (...) employed the Murcia's clergymen to be remitted of the payments. (shrink)

Altruism and solidarity are concepts that are closely related to organ donation for transplantation. On the one hand, they are typically used for encouraging people to donate. On the other hand, they also underpin the regulations in force in each country to different extents. They are often used indistinctly and equivocally, despite the different ethical implications of each concept. This paper aims to clarify to what extent we can speak of altruism and solidarity in the predominant models of organ donation. (...) It also raises the ethical question of whether these categories are adequate as a basis for such models, bearing in mind that organs are a scarce resource and that a shortage of them may mean that fewer lives are saved or improved. (shrink)